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Ego, id og humoristisk vidd – Speilvendt
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Ego, id og humoristisk vidd


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Hva kan psykoanalysens strenge far lære oss om lek og humor?

Tekst: Rune Braaten
Illustrasjon: Kristine Lie Øverland 

 

Om lek og læring
Selv gamle hunder leker, sies det. Om bikkja er aldri så tilårskommen, så glemmer den aldri leken – eller rettere sagt, det som for oss mennesker ser ut som festlig og uskyldig lek. Alle hundeeiere vet at fullkommen lykke er en tennisball som ennå ikke er tygd i stykker. Men for hunden er leken også et sosialt spill. Det dreier seg ikke bare om å springe raskest mulig etter en pinne som kastes, eller å lekeslåss med en hundekompis, men om å finne ut hvem den andre er, enten det er eieren eller en annen hund den leker med.

Leker gamle mennesker? Tja, de humrer kanskje stillferdig, men det er ikke så vanlig å se bestemødre som ivrig springer etter tennisballer. Mister vi all form for lek når vi blir gamle, eller tar leken nye former?

Når vi er barn er den fysiske leken viktig for oss, etterhvert også leker der vi forestiller oss at vi er cowboy og indianer (eller en mer moderne variant: politi og asylsøker uten lovlig opphold) viktige. Leken blir mer sofistikert – mer og mer verbal, etter hvert også abstrakt.

Når vi er blitt så gamle at vi har nådd den kriminelle lavalder, snakker vi ikke lenger om lek med fyrstikker, men kaller det pyromani.Det regnes kanskje som et tegn på modenhet at den tørre vitsen har overtatt for lekeslåssingen. Hvis vi først skal lekeslåss i voksen alder, skal det være seriøst og planlagt: fight club eller julebord.

 

Freuds humor
Psykologien bør kunne si oss noe om lek og humor, og hvem er vel bedre egnet enn salige Sigmund Freud? En mann som har skrevet en vitenskapelig betraktning om vitsen og dens betydning må vel være verdt å lytte til. Men leter du etter bildet av en flirende Sigmund kan utbyttet bli magert; det finnes derimot hundrevis av bilder der en bister Freud stirrer på oss med triste hundeøyne.

Den godeste Carl Gustav Jung er mer munter. Man kan se for seg Jung legge et bananskall på fortauet og le en støyende latter når noen tar en saltomortale. Freud ville antagelig heller påpekt at bananen hadde en form som minnet om en særskilt del av den mannlige anatomi. Det nærmeste vi kommer en smilende Freud, er noen få bilder der han utstråler det som i beste fall kan kalles lun vennlighet.

Har Freud sagt noe om smilet? Det mest kjente sitatet er vel det han sier i essaysamlingen om seksualteori («Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie» fra 1905, i norsk oversettelse fra 1966): «No one who has seen a baby sinking back satiated from the breast and falling asleep with flushed cheeks and a blissful smile can escape the reflection that this picture persists as a prototype of the expression of sexual satisfaction in later life.» Javel, ja. Her var det mye å svelge, men ikke engang her later det til at smilet er Freuds sentrale poeng.

 

Hva er vitsen?
Det ser ikke ut til å være så mye å hente hverken i jakten på Freuds omtale av smilet eller i jakten på hans eget smil. Så hva sier egentlig Freud om vitsen? Avhandlingen ble opprinnelig publisert i 1905 («Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewußten»), men ble ikke oversatt til norsk før i 1994 («Vitsen og dens forhold til det underbevisste»). Jeg vil anta at det lange tidsrommet mellom tysk og norsk utgave enten skyldes at nordmenn er usedvanlig trege til å oppfatte en god vits, eller at man har regnet avhandlingens behandling av emnet som så vidt perifert at de eventuelt interesserte fikk nøye seg med originalspråket eller andre oversettelser.

 

Slik Freud ser det, er vitsen et uttrykk for det forbudte: Bevisstheten tillater at man sier det som ellers ikke vil kunne sies.

 

Slik Freud ser det, er vitsen et uttrykk for det forbudte: Bevisstheten tillater at man sier det som ellers ikke vil kunne sies. Superego tillater ego å være humoristisk. Et godhjertet superego skulle tillate en lys og lett humor, mens et krast superego skulle tillate den bitende sarkasmen. Hvis superego er svært streng og kontrollerende, vil det ikke tillate noen form for humor.

Men som alltid med Freud, så er det ikke det som sies, synes og vises som er viktig. Det egentlige er det som ligger bak det vi sier og gjør. Freud påpeker at vitsen kan brukes som en avledningsmanøver, og flytte fokus fra en traurig situasjon til noe som oppleves som mindre truende. «Du har kanskje tenkt å slå meg ihjel, men la meg i det minste knyte skolissene slik at jeg kan dø med støvlene på» eller «Jeg har egentlig lyst til å kvele deg, men jeg har ikke lyst til å bli skitten på hendene».

Med andre ord kan vi bruke humor – god eller dårlig – enten for å dempe andres aggresjon eller for å unnvike at vi gir uttrykk for vår egen aggresjon. Så lenge aggresjon betraktes som lite sosialt akseptabel, vil vitsen fungere som lynavleder.

Skal man si noe om vitser i et tidsskrift for psykologiinteresserte, kommer man vel ikke unna det å fortelle en psykologvits – om ikke annet så for å dempe skribentens og leserens aggresjonsnivå.

Denne gjør seg best i engelsk utgave:

What’s the difference between a psychologist and a magician?
A magician pulls rabbits out of hats, whereas a psychologist pulls habits out of rats.

 

Rune Braaten går 4. semester på profesjonsstudiet i psykologi ved UiO.


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