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Level up – Speilvendt
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Level up


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På ungdomsskolen var Counter Strike og Grand Theft Auto guds gave til oss gutta. Det var det som bandt oss sammen. Vi fortalte hverandre til og med at det gjorde oss smartere.

 

Tekst: Sigurd Alnes
Illustrasjon: Sofie Egedius
Skjermbilde 2017-03-31 kl. 10.45.43

 

At virtuell vold er en gudegitt gave er det skrevet lite om. Derimot er det skrevet side opp og side ned om at du blir smartere av å spille dataspill. I alt fra Gamertag til Vårt Land. Også politikere, som leder av Unge Venstre, Tord Hustveit, er av den oppfatning at dataspill gjør deg mer intelligent. At politikere og journalister sprer en slik oppfatning åpner for en vurdering av dens gyldighet.

 

Med all denne lovprisningen er det spennende å se hva forskningen faktisk sier. Blir du smartere av å spille dataspill? Eller mer presist: Hvilke effekter har det å spille førsteperson skytespill på kognitive funksjoner, og gjør disse effektene deg faktisk smartere, hva nå enn det er?

 

De best dokumenterte effektene er på evner som selektiv oppmerksomhet og spatiale oppgaver (i mangel på et godt norsk ord) (Granic, Lobel og Engels, 2014). Det vil henholdsvis si din evne til å fokusere på det som er relevant og ignorere det irrelevante, og ti utføre for eksempel visualisering og rotering av forestilte objekter. Noen studier har også vist effekter av dataspilling på andre kognitive evner, som responstid og beslutningstaking (Boot, Blakely og Simons, 2011), samt resonneringsevne (Basak et al., 2008). Gamere vil lett gjenkjenne disse egenskapene som sentrale for å, på en mest mulig effektiv måte, likvidere motstanderen.

 

Dessverre er det relativt få studier som er i stand til å fastslå om det er personer som skårer høyt på disse evnene som spiller mer dataspill, eller om evnene faktisk forsterkes av å spille (Boot et al., 2011). Sammenlikner du de som spiller dataspill fra før av med de som ikke spiller, er det umulig å trekke slutninger om hva som har forårsaket hva. Å trekke konklusjoner om kausalitet ut fra korrelasjoner er en risikosport. Det kan godt være at personer som fra før av er raske til å gjenkjenne og reagere på ytre stimuli finner mer glede i dataspill. For min del var min forferdelige reaksjonsevne en sterk bidragsyter til at jeg sluttet å spille.

 

En av artiklene Tord Hustveit refererer til i Aftenposten testet oppmerksomhetskapasitet, og hvor store områder av synsfeltet en var i stand til å oppfatte endringer i (Green og Bavelier, 2003). Hustveit hevder at funnene kan relateres til hvor hurtig man behandler informasjon, men han utelater det faktum at det er snakk om veldig bestemte evner som ikke er spesielt relevante for resten av hans argumentasjon. Slikt kan være med på å fremme forvirring omkring de positive effektene av å spille dataspill. Å lett identifisere endringer i visuell stimuli er fjernt fra hva som behøves for å for eksempel forstå abstrakte konsepter i en utdanningssammenheng.

 

Heldigvis brukes det stadig mer ressurser på å utforske hvilke positive effekter dataspill kan ha. På de fleste andre oppgaver som trener kognitive funksjoner, observeres det som regel lave overføringseffekter fra oppgaven du trener på til andre oppgaver. Owen med kollegaer (2010) viste at selv med over 10 000 deltakere var de ikke i stand til å finne signifikante overføringseffekter av trening på tilsvarende oppgaver som de du finner i «hjernetrim»-apper. Om spilling kan gi forbedringer på andre områder, som anvender de samme kognitive funksjonene, betyr det at spilling faktisk har en reell effekt på kognisjon. Noen studier (f. eks. Basak et al., 2008) tyder på dette, og understreker hvorfor det er viktig å gjennomføre flere studier av denne effekten.

 

Forskningen er også viktig fordi oppfatningen av at dataspill gjør deg smartere sakte sniker seg inn i folkepsykologien. Vi kan bare håpe at empiri trumfer pressens iver etter sensasjonelle overskrifter, og politikeres jakt etter billige poenger.

 

En studie gjennomført av Basak med kollegaer (2008) benyttet et treningsregime som tillot observasjon av faktisk forbedring av kognitive evner som en følge av spilling. Deltakerne, som alle var i pensjonsalder, viste forbedring på blant annet resonneringsoppgaver og visuell oppmerksomhet. De benyttet et strategispill (Rise of Nations), som kanskje er mer hensiktsmessig for å utvikle de evnene vi gjerne assosierer med «smarthet».

 

I en fMRI-studie (Granic et al., 2014) ble det funnet at dataspillere hadde mindre aktivitet i områder assosiert med delegering av oppmerksomhetsressurser under en mønstergjenkjenningsoppgave. Mindre aktivitet tyder i dette tilfellet på at de hadde lettere for å disponere ressursene. Forskerne bak studien antar at effekten følger av at skytespill fremmer denne evnen, da det er sentralt for å prestere godt. Studiet viser at spill faktisk kan bidra til varige nevrologiske endringer, som vil gi overført effekt til andre områder.

 

Slike funn tyder på at vi ikke blankt kan avvise at dataspill har positive effekter på enkelte kognitive funksjoner. Det er derimot ingenting som tilsier at det er det samme hva slags type spill du spiller, eller at effekten er proporsjonal til antall timer tilbragt med kontrolleren i hånda.

 

Som student kan det være en appellerende tanke at planting av bomber og virtuelt ran av gamle damer har en positiv effekt på karakterer. De fleste førstesemesterstudenter ved Psykologisk Institutt vil nok foretrekke det heller enn å repetere Gestaltpsykologien.

 

Det finnes noen, men få, indikasjoner på at selektiv oppmerksomhet og spatiale evner har noen særlig effekt på hvor godt en gjør det på studier. Spatiale evner har vist seg å ha en viss effekt på karakterer (Rohde og Thompson, 2007), men kun når en ikke kontrollerer for generelle kognitive evner. Hva andre kognitive evner angår, som resonnering, er det sannsynlig at det er en sterkere relasjon.

 

Om dataspilling viser seg å være hensiktsmessig for å bli smartere, tyder mye på at det vil være fordi spilling tilrettelegger for mer abstrakte representasjoner av oppgaver og stimuli (Bavelier et al., 2012). Økt abstraksjon antas å være en nødvendig konsekvens av å måtte utføre forskjellige oppgaver til samme tid, som koordinering av bevegelsene til en avatar, visuelt søk etter fiender og hurtige responser. Videre bidrar abstraksjonen til at de tilegnede evnene lettere kan overføres til andre oppgaver, som bilkjøring eller kognitive tester.

 

Å slappe av med litt fiksjonell voldsutøvelse kan nok være et underholdende tidsfordriv, men at det er en særlig hensiktsmessig aktivitet for å gjør deg smartere finnes det få indikasjoner på. Om du skal bli smartere, er det nok heller andre ting du bør vie tiden din til.

 

Tilstrekkelig med søvn har vist seg å være en god indikator på vedlikehold og forbedring av en rekke kognitive funksjoner (Curcio, Ferrara og De Gennaro, 2006), og i utstrekning akademiske prestasjoner. Det samme kan til en viss grad sies om fysisk aktivitet (Taras, 2005).

 

Den kjedelige konklusjonen er derfor at du blir ikke særlig mye smartere av å spille dataspill. Sørg heller for å få tilstrekkelig med søvn og fysisk aktivitet. Akkurat som morra di sier.

 

Sigurd Alnes går 5. semester bachelor i kognitiv psykologi ved UiO

 

Referanser:

  • Hustveit, T. (17. mars 2015). Dette er hvorfor man bør si ja til dataspill som fag. Aftenposten, hentet fra http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/Dette-er-hvorfor-man-bor-si-ja-til-dataspill-som-fag-46854b.html
  • Granic, I., Lobel, A. & Engels, R. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69(1), 66-78. doi: 10.1037/a0034857
  • Boot W. R., Blakely D. P. & Simons D. J. (2011). Do Action Video Games Improve Perception and Cognition? Frontiers in Psychology, 6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00226
  • Basak C., Boot W.R., Voss M. W. & Kramer A.F. (2008). Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? Psychol Aging, 23(4), 765-77. doi: 10.1037/a0013494
  • Green C. S. & Bavelier D. (2003). Action-Video-Game Experience Alters the Spatial Resolution of Vision. Psychological Science, 18(1), 88-94. doi: 0.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01853.x
  • Owen A.M., Hampshire A, Grahn J. A., Stenton R., Dajani S., Burns A. S., Howard R. J. & Ballard C. G. (2010). Putting brain training to the test. Nature, 465(7299), 775-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09042
  • Rohde E. T. & Thompson L. A. (2007). Predicting academic achievement with cognitive ability. Intelligence, 35(1), 83-92. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2006.05.004
  • Bavelier D., Green C. S., Pouget A. & Schrater P. (2012). Brain plasticity through the life span: learning to learn and action video games. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 391-416. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152832
  • Curcio G., Ferrara M. & De Gennaro L. (2006). Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(5), 323-37. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.001
  • Taras, H. (2005). Physical Activity and Student Performance at School. Journal of School Health, 75(6), 215-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00026.x

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