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Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 554

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 595

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 535

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 544

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 952

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 972

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 984

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 995

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 151

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 175

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 164

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 186

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 138

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetExists($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 75

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetGet($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 89

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Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetUnset($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 127

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 199

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 395

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Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 82

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Tweetstorm_Gather::$is_wpcom is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/class-wpcom-rest-api-v2-endpoint-tweetstorm-gather.php on line 22

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Gutenberg_Available_Extensions::$wpcom_is_site_specific_endpoint is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/gutenberg-available-extensions.php on line 20

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Subscribers::$wpcom_is_wpcom_only_endpoint is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/subscribers.php on line 15

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Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetExists($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 63

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Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetSet($key, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 89

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetUnset($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 102

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 111

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::offsetExists($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 40

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Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::offsetSet($key, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 68

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::offsetUnset($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 82

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 91

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_header_model_class::$topbar_nbwrapper_container_class is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

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Nomader i Nået – Nostalgiens følsomme historie – Speilvendt
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Nomader i Nået – Nostalgiens følsomme historie


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TEKST: FINN SKÅRDERUD

I et år hvor det har vært vanskelig å dra til utlandet, har man jo kunnet dra til Innlandet. I skrivende stund er jeg i Rendalen. Det er en sidedal til Østerdalen. Koronaviruset kommer fra Wuhan i Kina. Der er befolkningstettheten nærmere 1400 innbyggere per kvadratkilometer. Rendalen er Sør-Norges største landkommune. Her er det omtrent en halv rendøl per kvadratkilometer. Det er god plass. Stedet blir stadig kalt en glemt skatt når det gjelder natur og friluft. Rendalen er min barndoms idylliserte sted. Det er her jeg er født.

Men noe er underlig. Jeg lener meg entusiastisk lengtende mot minnene. Men jeg har ingen. Jeg var så liten da vi flyttet, at jeg ikke husker noe som helst fra den gang jeg bodde her. Jeg innser at jeg bedriver stedfortredende minner. En stemning og en livsfølelse finner sitt objekt i barndommens grønne dal. Jeg tuller ikke med denne lengselen. Jeg er akkurat nå en handlingenes mann som er i Rendalen for å bygge et husvære med utsikt til de tre toppene på Sølenfjellet. Det ligger ved noen multemyrer, som jeg fra mitt livs spede start her oppe bokstavelig talt ikke husker bæret av. Den nostalgiske følelsen – for det er den som er tema her – er en bittersøt lengsel etter noe som en gang var, eller kan ha vært. 

Nostalgi er en baklengslengsel. Men én sorg, ett savn eller én lengsel, i dette tilfellet tilbake til noe som nok er fortalt meg eller hentet frem fra foto, og kanskje også fantasert, kan dekke over, eller uttrykke, andre sorger, savn og lengsler. Vår senmoderne oppdaterte nostalgi er kanskje en følsom respons på en kulturell uro. Noe av det mest stabile i våre samfunn er det ustabile. Vi er forventet å tåle vedvarende endringer. Akselerasjonen, som er den tyske sosiologen Hartmut Rosas emblematiske diagnose på nåtiden, av forandringer, i familie, skole, arbeid og institusjoner, gjør at holdepunkter går tapt. Som nomader i nået risikerer vi å miste oversikten. Jeg tenker ikke minst på studenter når jeg hevder at pandemien har gjort det vanskelig for mange å finne en ro og ikke minst en tilknytning i sosiale fellesskap.  

Følelseshistorie
Følelser har sin historie. Vi forhøyer dem og forkaster dem. Mange følelser er primære, i den forstand at mennesker og pattedyr er født med noen emosjonssystemer. Følelsene motiverer oss. Lysten fører oss mot noe lystfylt, mens frykten kan få oss til å bremse opp. Nysgjerrigheten hjelper oss både til å finne mat og til å oppdage nytt. Kjærligheten fører oss mot andre. Men følelser er også kultiverte. De formes av tid og sted. Nostalgien er et meget aktuelt eksempel på dette. Den flyter med tiden. Flytende modernitet er en samtidsdiagnose laget av en annen sosiolog, Zygmunt Bauman. Nostalgien er simpelthen ikke hva den en gang var. 

En dødelig lidelse
Så la oss forsøke anvendt følelseshistorie – og ikke minst medisinsk historie. Nostalgi er dannet av det greske nostos (νόστος), det vil si hjemkomst, og algos (ἄλγος), smerte eller lengsel, og betyr sykelig hjemlengsel. Nostalgi ble en medisinsk diagnose på 1600-tallet. Den var en nær slektning av melankolien og kjærlighetssorgen. Det hadde skjedd en atskillelse, og noe var mistet. Men i nostalgien var det ikke en annen som var tapt, men et sted. Den gang kunne den være en dødelig tilstand. Man kunne lengte seg i hjel. 

Diagnosen ble en medisinsk suksess. Det finnes mange medisinske beretninger om denne alvorlige lidelsen. 1700-tallslegen Leopold Autenbrugger skriver: «Jeg har åpnet mange lik etter døde i denne sykdommen». Symptomene kunne være blekhet, tap av appetitt, dype sukk, hallusinasjoner, tretthet og til sist kollaps. Prognosen var dårlig, og stort sett ingen ting hjalp, verken medisiner, isolasjon eller trusler om straff. Den eneste kuren var å bli sendt hjem. 

Den dødelige nostalgien rammet særlig folk fra Sveits. At det var en særlig risiko å være sveitser, mente man hadde å gjøre med kultur og geografi. Sveitserne hadde vokst opp i avstengte daler, med frisk alpeluft og mors mat basert på melkeprodukter. Når disse uerfarne landsens menneskene dro inn til Europas byer eller ble sendt som soldater til den franske, saksiske eller prøyssiske sletten, ble det for mye for dem. I militærmedisinen har nostalgien en betydelig plass. Den var sentral i desertørens psykologi. 

Den opprinnelige nostalgien var mennenes lidelse. Beretningen om kvinnelige nostalgikere er færre, men de finnes. Fattige jenter kunne utføre barnemord eller sette fyr på hus for å komme hjem igjen. Selv mener jeg å ha funnet et litterært kasus i alpejenta Heidi. Hun syknet hen i byluft, men naturbarnet kviknet til da hun kom tilbake til bestefar og geitemelken hans. Nostalgien rammet sterkest i lavere sosiale lag. Den var for de enklere sjeler, for dem som ikke var blitt forfinet i sitt følelsesliv gjennom utdannelse og vandringer i salongene. Hypokondrien var en annen og samtidig mannslidelse, men denne hørte til de urbane intellektuelle. I 1700-tallets kult av følsomhet var tårer og hjerte markører for en oppadstrebende middelklasse.

Når følelsene blir omfavnet av medisinen, kan det bety en viss legitimering av sårbarheten. Doktorens diagnose kan være som en presenning man trekker over det fortvilte hodet. Man får lov til å tre tilbake. 1700-tallsnostalgikeren var alvorlig syk, og hadde således krav på omsorg.

Følelser som fortellinger
Min guide i denne baklengslengtende følelsens historie er svenske Karin Johannisson. Denne svenske medisinhistorikeren var en venn og samarbeidspartner, dessverre altfor tidlig død. Blant professorens mange bøker om kroppens og sinnets følsomhet for tidsånden er Nostalgia min favoritt. Dette er en meget stimulerende tekst, som setter tankene i gang om langt mer enn å komme seg hjem. 

Hva vi føler, og hvordan vi føler, avhenger i en viss grad av navnene vi setter på følelsene. Navn ordner virkeligheter, og utenfor navnene blir vi fremmede i en kaotisk verden. Følelser er også fortellinger. Og fortellinger har en dramaturgi, med følsomme oppturer og nedturer. Å lengte er en menneskelig grunnsituasjon. Å leve er en serie atskillelser og mangler. Det finnes sterke lengsler, etter noe. Sykelig hjemlengsel kan altså være én navnlig og narrativ konkretisering av en slik lengsel. 

Nostalgiens andre epoke
Så skjer det noe, skriver Karin Johannisson. Nostalgien kolliderer med det moderne. 1800-tallets fremskrittsrus i industrien, teknikken og vitenskapen krevde en ny type mennesker. Dette nye mennesket måtte være fleksibelt og rede til å kaste tradisjoner over bord. Og det burde være fornuftig, med selvkontroll over følelser og drifter. I et slikt bilde passer den ukontrollerte nostalgien dårlig. Den peker ikke frem mot det utopiske og fremtidssulten aksjon, men reaksjonært bakover mot mamma og gårdstunet. Hjemlengselen er ikke energisk, men konserverende og antimoderne. Nostalgikeren blir nå en suspekt veiking, en sosialpsykologisk slappfisk, som bakstreversk klamrer seg til den falske drømmen om at alt var bedre før. 

Og nostalgi blir fjernet som medisinsk diagnose. I stedet blir den en sosial og psykologisk brist. En praktisk gevinst av en slik friskgjøring er at man ikke kan dø av en sykdom som ikke lenger finnes. 

Nostalgi 3.0
Så kommer nostalgiens tredje epoke, vår oppdaterte versjon, skriver den medisinske idehistorikeren. Den lengtende følelsen blir rehabilitert. Men på nytt har den endret karakter. Fremtiden ble ikke som planlagt. I verste fall er den, for noen, en fremtid uten en fremtid, preget av frykt. Det er lett å bli hjemløs i tiden. Intensiteten i samfunnsmessige forandringer gjør at holdepunkter går tapt. Nostalgien er et tapsfenomen, men det er ikke lenger tap av hjemmet som sted, men av oversikt og orienteringsevne. Det er altså tapet av en tid, av stabil og tillitvekkende nåtid. Da søker vi tilflukt i fortid, i våre egne historier. Vi fyller våre minner med følelser og løfter dem opp som svært betydningsfulle. Nostalgien blir en del av vårt arbeid med å skaffe oss identitet. Begrepet identitet kommer språklig av latinsk idem, som betyr den, det samme. Det finnes sammenhenger, og vi henger sammen med oss selv. Jeg har røtter, og ikke bare føtter. Følsomme fortellinger om oss selv er psykisk lim. 

Og med eksplosjon i bunadssalg, noen sydd i Kina, Thailand og Estland, blir den nostalgiske følelsen omtenksomt og kostbart kledd opp. Klesdrakten er en personlig bønn om en hel historie. Vi drømmer om hele og helende narrativer som lager en konsekvens i våre liv.

Rendalen er mitt følsomme sted. Minnene er fremmanet, diktet, lånt og stjålet. Og de er svært gode å ha i bagasjen. 

Finn Skårderud er forfatter, psykiater, professor og direktør ved Villa Sult. 

Referanser:
Johannisson, K. (2001). Nostalgia. Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.
Skårderud, F. (2004). Andre reiser. Oslo: Aschehoug.


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