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Selvkontroll – en medfødt evne? – Speilvendt
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Selvkontroll – en medfødt evne?


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Har du lurt på hvorfor noen greier å lese åtte timer hver dag, trene fire ganger i uka, ha deltidsjobb og tre verv i ulike foreninger, besøke bestemor hver søndag og bare ta én sjokoladebit selv om skåla står foran dem og bugner?

 

2013-10-23 11.49.54Svaret er at slike personer sannsynligvis har høy grad av selvkontroll. Selvkontroll, eller selvregulering er en egenskap som predikerer suksess, både i yrkeslivet og det sosiale livet. For å lykkes i et samfunn som stiller store krav til prestasjoner og utseende er det avgjørende at man har evne til å styre impulser og negative emosjoner, fokusere og skifte oppmerksomhet, løse problemer og kontrollere og planlegge egen adferd. Selv om mye tyder på at det er mulig å trene opp evnen til selvregulering i voksen alder, dannes grunnlaget for slike evner allerede i barndommen, og både gener, kognitiv kapasitet og foreldrenes oppdragelsesstil ser ut til å ha betydning for utviklingen.

Biologisk predisposisjon

Selvregulering er nært relatert til eksekutive funksjoner (Rothbart & Rueda, 2005). Eksekutive funksjoner er en fellesbetegnelse på en rekke kognitive funksjoner, som evne til å planlegge, ta beslutninger om hvilke handlinger man skal utføre, og evne til å resonnere rundt komplekse problemer. En essensiell komponent i eksekutiv fungering, er evnen til å utsette belønning (Brannon, Platt, & Purves, 2008). Forskning som er gjort på området, tyder på at det samme nevrologiske nettverket som ligger til grunn for eksekutive funksjoner, også bidrar til effektiv kognitiv og emosjonell regulering (Berk, 2009). Utviklingen av selvregulering henger derfor trolig sammen med modning av hjernestrukturene som inngår i det eksekutive nettverket (Rothbart & Rueda, 2005).

Det er ikke slik at alle har samme forutsetninger for å utvikle gode eksekutive funksjoner og dermed god selvregulering. Enkelte er født med oppmerksomhetsvansker, som for eksempel ADHD eller andre nevrologiske dysfunksjoner som påvirker eksekutive funksjoner (Martinussen, Hayden, Hogg-Johnson & Tannock, 2005). Forskning har vist at det finnes en viss sammenheng mellom ADHD og nedsatte eksekutive funksjoner (Martinussen et al., 2005).

Dette betyr at det finnes individuell variasjon i barns biologiske forutsetninger for å utvikle evne til selvregulering.

Forskning indikerer at evnen til selvregulering er stabil over tid (Li-Grining, 2007). De som relativt til sine jevnaldrende, utviser lav eller høy grad av selvregulering i barndommen, gjør også det i senere år. Stabilitet kan tolkes som en indikasjon på at den enkeltes biologiske predisposisjon spiller en viktig rolle i utviklingen av selvregulering. Slik det er gjort rede for til nå, ser det altså ut til å være et betydelig biologisk grunnlag for selvregulering.

Foreldres oppdragerstil

I tillegg til betydningen av medfødte eksekutive funksjoner, ser det ut til at foreldrenes oppdragerstil spiller en viktig rolle. Lengua (2007) foreslår at foreldre i stor grad bidrar til utviklingen av selvregulering ved å respondere på barnets behov, skape trygghet og gjøre det lettere for barnet å håndtere og regulere sine negative emosjoner. I tillegg vil forutsigbar grensesetting som oppmuntrer til selvstendighet, gi barnet mulighet til å utvikle bedre selvreguleringsevner (Lengua, 2009; Zhou, Eisenberg, Wang & Reiser, 2004).

Forskning på relasjonen mellom selvregulering og oppdragelse indikerer at det ofte skjer en gjensidig påvirkning mellom barnet og foreldrene i utviklingen av selvregulering.

For eksempel har Lengua (2006) vist at barn som har et mer engstelig eller irritabelt temperament, og som har dårligere biologiske forutsetninger for selvregulering, oftere møter mer avvisning og inkonsistent disiplin fra foreldrenes side. Dette har sannsynligvis sammenheng med at barn med dårlig evne til selvregulering har flere konfliktfulle interaksjoner med foreldrene (Lengua, 2006; Brody & Ge, 2001). Det blir altså en ond sirkel, hvor barnets temperament og mangelfulle evne til selvregulering skaper en reaksjon fra foreldrene som igjen hindrer utvikling av selvregulering.

Risiko og beskyttelse

Horowitz’ modell fungerer som et godt rammeverk for å forstå samspillet mellom biologisk predisposisjon og foreldrenes kompetanse i utviklingen av selvregulering. I følge Horowitz’(1987), vil barn med en biologisk sårbarhet ha en iboende risiko for å utvikle dårligere evner til selvkontroll enn andre barn. Denne risikoen kan kompenseres for av kompetente foreldre, mens mindre kompetente foreldre vil kunne bidra til at utviklingen stagnerer. For barn med en robust biologisk utrustning, vil foreldrenes kompetanse trolig være noe mindre utslagsgivende for utvikling av selvregulerende evner. Foreldre med god kompetanse vil likevel kunne bidra ytterligere til det som ellers også kunne vært et positivt utviklingsforløp, mens foreldre med lavere kompetanse vil kunne medføre at barna kanskje vil ha noe mindre selvkontroll enn de biologiske forutsetningene skulle tilsi (Karreman et al 2008). Man kan tenke seg at barnets biologiske predisposisjon setter en slags øvre og nedre grense for barnets potensiale til selvreguleringsevne. Foreldrenes kompetanse er en faktor som kan være med å avgjøre hvilket punkt mellom denne øvre og nedre grense barnet havner på. Hvilken evne du har til selvregulering har altså sammenheng med hvor godt utrustet du er fra naturens side, og hvilken oppdragelse du har fått.

Referanser:

Karreman, A., van Tuijl, C., van Aken M. A. G. & Dekovic, M. (2008). Parenting, coparenting, and selvregulering in preschoolers. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 30–40. DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.30

Lengua L. J. (2006). Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children’s transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 819–832. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.819.

Lengua, L. J., Honorado, E., Bush, N. R. (2007). Contextual risk and parenting as predictors of selvregulering and social competence in preschool children. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 28(1), 40-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2006.10.001


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