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Vår digitale identitet – et springbrett for narsissisme og depresjon? – Speilvendt
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Vår digitale identitet – et springbrett for narsissisme og depresjon?


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På Internett lar vi oss framstille som en forbedret utgave av oss selv – ofte langt unna den vi er i den virkelige verden.

 

ILLUSTRASJON: AMANDA BJØRNVALL OLSEN
ILLUSTRASJON: AMANDA BJØRNVALL OLSEN

 

Virtuell selvpresentasjon reflekterer ikke alltid autentiske identiteter (Krenn, 2015). Denne tanken kan underbygges av en lang rekke psykologiske studier, som baserer seg på både kvalitative og kvantitative data. Eksempelvis utøver Facebook-brukere strategisk kontroll over hvilke bilder og tekst som skal publiseres og være tilgjengelig (Siibak, 2009). Flere brukere av sosiale medier redigerer dessuten bilder slik at de forsterker attraktive, fysiske trekk som øyne, lepper og magemuskler (Doster, 2013). Brukere av sosiale medier forsøker dermed å presentere en mest mulig plettfri fremstilling av seg selv, blant annet gjennom begrensning av bilder og tekst. Slik blir det digitale selvet konstant manipulert og overvåket. Man er nøye med at fremstillingen utelukkende inneholder attraktive bilder, personlig informasjon som føyer seg etter kulturelle normer og atferdsrepresentasjoner som er sosialt akseptable.

 

Sherry Turkle hevder at den digitale identiteten er adskilt fra den virkelige, avloggede identiteten. Hun kaller førstnevnte for «det andre selvet» (Kemp, 2014). Dette sosialkonstruktivistiske selvet reflekterer det mod- erne samfunnets klare fokus på perfeksjonisme. Det stilles høye krav til dagens individ, og internettet representerer en arena hvor man kan manipulere selvet til å innrette seg etter disse idealiserte kravene. Sammenlignet med den avloggede virkeligheten, er din ideale identitet oppnåelig i høyere grad gjennom sosiale medier. Dette er hovedsakelig på grunn av den store kontrollen man har over fremstillingen av seg selv, som man gjerne ikke har i et avlogget miljø (Rui & Stefanone, 2013). Flertallet av internettbrukere velger å benytte seg av denne fristende muligheten til å realisere en tilsynelatende perfekt identitet (Brunskill, 2013; Boon & Sinclair, 2009). Men dersom man konstruerer ens virtuelle identitet med perfeksjon som et fastsatt mål, må det vel oppstå konsekvenser? Kan den idealiserte digitale identiteten bidra til økt depresjon og narsissisme?

 

NARSISSISME OG DEPRESJON. Brukere av sosiale medier sammenligner ofte seg selv med andre brukeres digitale identiteter. Dersom ens egen identitet avviker for mye fra andres, ikke har mottatt nok «likes» eller fått tilstrekkelig aksept i form av positive kommentarer, går man i gang med å redigere (Moreno, Kota, Schoohs & Whitehill, 2013). Enkelte hevder at samtidig som bruken av sosiale medier øker, blir internettbrukere mindre empatiske og altruistiske (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2014). Dette knyttes særlig opp til grandios narsissisme. Flere og flere begynner å bekymre seg over en mulig narsissistisk epidemi i nær fremtid. Vi synes å bli mer og mer interesserte i oss selv, og har aldri før vært mer opptatt av selvpromotering, som blant annet uttrykkes gjennom utallige «selfies» (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2014). I tillegg ser det ut til at autentisitet i økende grad må vike plass for uoppnåelig perfeksjonisme. Dette kan gjerne tenkes å resultere i en over- menneskelig selvoppfatning (Brunskill, 2013).

 

Ønsket om å få identiteten sin godtatt og akseptert av andre er en sterk drivkraft hos brukere av sosiale medier. Resultatet av aksept (eller fraværet av den) kan tenkes å eksistere langs et spektrum, hvor de to ytterkantene representerer uønskede utfall. I den ene enden finner vi narsissisten som får et utløp for sin ekstreme selvopptatthet. Gjennom bekreftelse og oppmerksomhet fra andre, via «likes» og kommentarer, både næres og forsterkes denne overdrevne selvinteressen. I den andre enden finnes den deprimerte brukeren som stadig trykkes ned av andres imponerende statusoppdateringer, attraktive profilbilder og nye venner. Brukeren blir dermed konstant minnet på sin egen tilsynelatende utilstrekkelighet ved å ikke være i stand til å leve opp til den idealiserte, digitale identiteten. Begge disse kontrasterende brukerne har utviklet og eskalert seg som følge av sosial sammenligning.

 

Selvfølgelig har ikke alle brukere av sosiale medier narsissistiske tendenser. Eksperimentelle studier viser at antall statusoppdateringer, følgere, venner og selfies på sosiale medier er positivt korrelert med narsissisme (Carpenter 2012). Jo mer narsissistisk man er, jo oftere bruker man sosiale medier (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2014). På samme måte er selvsagt ikke alle internettbrukere deprimerte: Jo mer tid man bruker på sosiale medier, jo oftere sammenligner man seg selv med andre. Dessuten predikerer høy grad av sosial sammenligning lavere selvtillit og nedsatt psykisk helse (Zuo, 2014). Det er altså hvor mye tid man bruker på internett som synes å være av utslagsgivende betydning for den deprimerte og den narsissistiske brukeren. Dersom man i utgangspunktet er mer utsatt for å utvikle depresjon eller narsissisme, er man dårligere utrustet for å håndtere sammenligningen som ofte oppstår i en virtuell kontekst.

 

FINNES DET NOEN LØSNINGER? Hva kan man gjøre for å forhindre et potensielt fremtidig samfunn bestående av narsissister? Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic (2014) foreslår at algoritmer kan bygges inn i ulike sosiale medier for å fortelle og advare brukeren når ens grad av selvopptatthet og selvinteresse stiger til et patologisk høyt nivå. Hvordan kan man forebygge deprejon som et resultat av sosial, virtuell sammenligning? David Brunskill (2013) ønsker at valget mellom å konstruere en digital identitet eller ikke, må overveies nøye før en beslutning tas. For en detaljert overveielse er det nødvendig å tilegne seg tilstrekkelig informasjon om de ulike konsekvensene som følges av en virtuell selvpresentasjon. Her behøves det likevel mye mer forskning før vi kan forstå de potensielle negative og positive utfallene av den økende bruken av sosiale medier i dagens digitale tidsalder.

 

I følge Isaac Prilleltensky (1989) har utøvere av psykologi et ansvar til å utfordre samfunnets «status quo», slik at moderne normer ikke blir fastfrosset i et negativt mønster. Er digital identitet en slik status quo? Burde man oppmuntre til en mer realistisk fremstilling av selvet på internett? Øker forekomsten av depresjon og narsissisme blant brukere av sosiale medier, som følge av sosial sammenligning med en utopisk, virtuell identitet? Dersom dette faktisk er tilfellet burde man muligens forsøke å endre denne kulturelle trenden. Så tenk litt over hvordan du fremstiller deg på internett – ikke bare for andres skyld, men også for din egen. I den virkelige verden er ingen perfekte. «Det andre selvet» er heller ikke det.

 

Kamilla Knutsen Steinnes går 2. semester på master- programmet i sosialpsykologi.

 

Referanser:

 

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