Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$categories is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property wpdb::$link2cat is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 668

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 554

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 595

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 535

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 544

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 952

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 972

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 984

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 995

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 151

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 175

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 164

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 186

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 138

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetExists($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 75

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetGet($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 89

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetSet($index, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 110

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetUnset($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 127

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 199

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 395

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 387

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 381

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 399

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 78

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 72

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 59

Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_Validation::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/validation.php on line 82

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Automattic\Jetpack\Connection\Manager::$error_handler is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/vendor/automattic/jetpack-connection/src/class-manager.php on line 91

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Instagram_Gallery::$is_wpcom is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/class-wpcom-rest-api-v2-endpoint-instagram-gallery.php on line 23

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Mailchimp::$wpcom_is_wpcom_only_endpoint is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/class-wpcom-rest-api-v2-endpoint-mailchimp.php on line 17

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Tweetstorm_Gather::$wpcom_is_wpcom_only_endpoint is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/class-wpcom-rest-api-v2-endpoint-tweetstorm-gather.php on line 21

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Tweetstorm_Gather::$is_wpcom is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/class-wpcom-rest-api-v2-endpoint-tweetstorm-gather.php on line 22

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Gutenberg_Available_Extensions::$wpcom_is_site_specific_endpoint is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/gutenberg-available-extensions.php on line 20

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Memberships::$wpcom_is_wpcom_only_endpoint is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/memberships.php on line 23

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Memberships::$wpcom_is_site_specific_endpoint is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/memberships.php on line 24

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_REST_API_V2_Endpoint_Subscribers::$wpcom_is_wpcom_only_endpoint is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/lib/core-api/wpcom-endpoints/subscribers.php on line 15

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Automattic\Jetpack\Sync\Queue::$random_int is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/vendor/automattic/jetpack-sync/src/class-queue.php on line 38

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Publicize_UI::$in_jetpack is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/publicize.php on line 53

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_resources_scripts::$_resouces_version is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/class-fire-resources_scripts.php on line 20

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_resources_styles::$_resouces_version is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/class-fire-resources_styles.php on line 35

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WPCOM_Widget_Goodreads::$shelves is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/widgets/goodreads.php on line 33

Deprecated: DateTime::__construct(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($datetime) of type string is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/script-loader.php on line 331

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Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetExists($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 63

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetGet($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 73

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetSet($key, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 89

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::offsetUnset($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 102

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Cookie_Jar::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Cookie/Jar.php on line 111

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::offsetExists($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 40

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::offsetGet($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 51

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::offsetSet($key, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 68

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::offsetUnset($key) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 82

Deprecated: Return type of Requests_Utility_CaseInsensitiveDictionary::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/Requests/Utility/CaseInsensitiveDictionary.php on line 91

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 21

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 22

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 153

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Block_Type::$plan_check is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-block-type.php on line 284

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Jetpack_Shortcode_Unavailable::$shortcodes is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/shortcodes/unavailable.php on line 19

Deprecated: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp.php on line 173

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$object_id is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-term.php on line 198

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_header_model_class::$mobile_nbwrapper_class is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_header_model_class::$primary_nbwrapper_container_class is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_header_model_class::$topbar_nbwrapper_container_class is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_logo_model_class::$src is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_related_posts_model_class::$excerpt_length is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_related_posts_model_class::$media_cols is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_related_posts_model_class::$element_width is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

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Viljestøl – Speilvendt
Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 35.400000000000006 to int loses precision in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/functions-ccat.php on line 1638

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Viljestøl


Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_thumbnail_model_class::$lighbox_url is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property CZR_thumbnail_model_class::$has_lightbox is deprecated in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-content/themes/customizr/core/fmk-ccat.php on line 283

Kvifor er det slik at nokre hoppar opp av senga før vekkjarklokka ringjer, medan enkelte andre eigentleg kunne ha sove til etter middag dersom det gjekk? Kva skil eigentleg desse supermenneska som får til alt dei vil frå oss andre?

 

Illustrasjon: Anja Solberg Aasebøstøl
Illustrasjon: Anja Solberg Aasebøstøl

 

Klokka er 06:00 og vekkjarklokka ringjer. Bagen står ferdigpakka rett ved senga, treningskleda er lagt fram og frukosten står klar i kjøleskapet. Alt er tilrettelagt for at denne jenta skal opp på trening før forelesing. Likevel er det eit eller anna som gjer at eg berre ikkje orkar å stå opp. Tanken på å gå ut av den varme senga gjer at eg slår av alarmen og snur ryggen til telefonen. – Berre litt til, tenkjer eg, og vips har eg sove to timar til. Dermed blei det ikkje trening før skulen denne dagen. Ikkje klarte eg å stå opp til rett tid i går og ikkje dagen før det heller. Kvifor er det så vanskeleg? Det handlar om sjølvkontroll.

 

Ifølgje Store norske leksikon er sjølvkontroll noko som brukast til å overstyre impulsar og kortsiktige freistnadar til fordel for meir langsiktige mål eller meir rasjonelle val. Omgrepet har òg fleire namn, der ein kan nytte både sjølvregulering, sjølvdisiplin og viljestyrke. Innanfor psykologisk forsking skil ein derimot mellom omgrepa sjølvregulering og sjølvkontroll.

 

Sjølvregulering vil seie å ha kontroll over handlingane, tankane og emosjonane sine i tråd med kva som er best på lang sikt, medan sjølvkontroll omhandlar det å motstå impulsar og kortsiktig freistnad. Sjølvkontroll er den evna ein har til å styre seg sjølv, regulere tankane sine og endre åtferd slik at ein når måla ein har sett seg. Nokre hevdar til og med at evna til sjølvregulering er enda viktigare enn intelligens (IQ) i prediksjonen av kven som vil lukkast og mislukkast her i livet. Dette ser ikkje lovande ut for underteikna.

 

Eit av dei mest kjende eksperimenta på dette området er marshmalloweksperimentet til Walter Mischel. På slutten av 1960-talet bestemde Mischel og kollegaene seg for å undersøkje sjølvkontrollen på ein bestemt måte, nemleg evna til å avstå frå eit mindre gode til fordel for eit større gode ein fekk i framtida. Dei var mellom anna nyfikne på om born hadde same sjølvkontroll som vaksne og om det fanst underliggjande prosessar som hang saman med dette. Eksperimentet vart gjort på born frå fire til seks år. Borna blei plasserte ved eit bord saman med ein vaksen. På bordet framfor seg hadde dei anten ein marshmallow eller ein kjeks. Så fekk dei beskjed om at den vaksne kom til å gå ut av rommet, og at dei då kunne velje mellom to ting. Anten kunne dei ete godteriet når den vaksne kom tilbake etter femten minutt, og dermed få to godbitar i staden for ein, eller så kunne dei ringje i ei bjelle når dei ikkje klarte å vente meir, og dermed berre få éin godbit. Resultatet viste at mindretalet av desse borna klarte å halde tida på femten minutt.

 

Mischel følgde opp 95 % av deltakarane seinare, noko som viste at dei individuelle skilnadene på sjølvkontroll hadde halde seg ganske stabile.

 

Mischel følgde opp 95 % av deltakarane seinare, noko som viste at dei individuelle skilnadene på sjølvkontroll hadde halde seg ganske stabile. Dei deltakarane som hadde dårlegare sjølvkontroll som seksåringar, hadde òg dårlegare sjølvkontroll som tenåringar. I tillegg fann forskarane ut at dei med best sjølvkontroll som små, fekk betre karakterar som tenåringar enn dei andre borna. Ikkje berre hadde dei gode karakterar, men dei vart og karakteriserte som gode til å planleggje og konsentrere seg om ulike oppgåver. Det å kunne utsetje behovstilfredsstilling predikerte òg fleire ting, mellom anna betre kognitiv og sosial kompetanse og betre toleranse for stress. I tillegg vart deltakarane sett på som meir rasjonelle, merksame, systematiske og betre i stand  til å takle freistnader. Desse vurderingane viste ein tydeleg korrelasjon mellom sjølvutført behovsutsetjing i tidleg alder og seinare skåre, både hos menn og kvinner.

 

Då forskaren Celeste Kidd og medarbeidarane hennar replikerte studien, viste det seg at forholdet til forsøksleiaren òg var med på å påverke resultatet. Om borna verkeleg stolte på forsøksleiaren eller ikkje, påverka nemleg korvidt borna var villige til å vente på eit større gode. Dei borna som stolte på forsøksleiaren venta nemleg lenger enn dei som ikkje gjorde det, noko som indikerte at også strategisk tenking var med på å påverke om borna klarte å utsetje behovstilfredsstillinga eller ikkje. Mischel sine studiar har likevel på mange måtar bidrege til viktig kunnskap om utvikling av sjølvkontroll, og særleg ny innsikt om kor stor tyding dette har på menneske generelt gjennom livsløpet.

 

Sjølv om det originale marshmalloweksperimentet vart utført for over 40 år sidan, er det framleis fascinerande. Kvifor? Madsen (2014, s. 156) si hypotese går ut på at sjølvkontroll er ein viktig menneskeleg ressurs, og at denne evna til å kontrollere impulsar, tankar og kjensler er viktigare no enn nokon gong. Kanskje er dette fordi talet på ting som kan freiste oss og utfordre viljestyrken vår har auka i takt med den teknologiske utviklinga. Kven har vel ikkje vore på lesesalen og sjekka Facebook eller Instagram berre fordi ein måtte?

 

Så kva er det eigentleg som karakteriserer desse som klarar å vente? Gjennom marshmalloweksperimentet klarte Mischel og kollegaene å sjå kva som skilde dei borna som klarte å vente frå dei andre borna. Desse borna hadde sin eigen strategi for å klare å vente, men likevel var det tre trekk som skilde seg ekstra ut. For det første måtte dei hugse og aktivt minne seg sjølv både på målet dei hadde valt, men òg alternativet. For det andre måtte dei vurdere korleis dei låg an med tanke på å nå målet dei hadde sett seg og gjere justeringar dersom det var nødvendig. For det tredje måtte dei undertrykkje impulsive reaksjonar. Det at dei nytta desse strategiane gjorde at det vart mogleg for dei å planleggje, løyse problem og vere meir fleksible. Dersom ein har evna til å styre unna impulsane og utsetje behovstilfredsstillinga, er ein ifølgje Mischel betre beskytta mot sine svake punkt (som å kunne sove 16 timar i strekk), og kan leve med desse på ein meir hensiktsmessig og konstruktiv måte.

 

Funna viste at nokre menneske er betre i stand til å regulere vonde kjensler og motstå freistnader og overstyre impulsar enn andre, og desse forskjellane viser seg allereie i tidleg alder. Forskjellane er òg stabile over tid for dei fleste, og kan predikere ei rekkje vesentlege livsutfall. Heldigvis er ikkje evna til sjølvkontroll berre eit medfødd trekk hos menneska.

 

Talet på ting som kan freiste oss og utfordre viljestyrken vår har auka i takt med den teknologiske utviklinga.

 

I boka Marshmallowtesten (2014) kjem Mischel med fleire slike strategiar ein kan nytte for å øve opp sjølvkontrollen. Den eine er å «kjøle ned» notida og «varme opp framtida». Dette vil seie å skyve impulsar og freistnader bort frå bevisstheita og heller setje dei langsiktige konsekvensane av handlingane sine i fokus. Er det verkeleg verdt det å sove no, dersom det vil seie at eg vert i dårlegare form seinare fordi eg aldri kjem meg på trening? Ein annan strategi er «dersom–så»-strategien. Her instruerer ein seg sjølv og finn ut kva ein skal gjere i ein viss situasjon. Dersom vekkjarklokka ringjer klokka seks, skal eg stå opp og trene, og ved å øve på dette kan ein halde seg til det målet ein har sett seg. Øving gjer meister, og di oftare ein gjer det, di fortare går det automatisk. Det er likevel viktig å presisere at motivasjon til å overstyre impulsane og motstå freistnadane er vesentleg for å klare å oppnå ei endring. Ein må ha eit ønske om å endre åtferda dersom dette skal lukkast.

 

Sjølvkontroll er med andre ord nødvendig for å kunne nå måla sine, men heldigvis er vi menneske fleksible og i stor grad opne for å endre åtferd og tankegang. Ved å endre den måten vi tenkjer på, kan vi òg endre måten vi handlar på. «Only you can change your future», sa Dr. Seuss. Nøkkelen til suksess er det visst vi sjølve som har i handa. Og eg skal snart bruke den, eg skal berre sove litt til først.

 

 

Av Pauline Kurseth, 2. semester, profesjonsstudiet i psykologi

 

 

Kjelder

  • Mischel, W. (2014). Marshmallowtesten – nøkkelen til viljestyrke. Oslo: Pax forlag.
  • Madsen, O. J. (2014). «Det er innover vi må gå» – en kulturpsykologisk studie av selvhjelp. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
  • https://snl.no/selvkontroll

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