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Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/1/s/speilvendt/www/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 544

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Visste du at lyden fra vindmøller forårsaker kreft? – Speilvendt
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Visste du at lyden fra vindmøller forårsaker kreft?


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Tekst: Amund Kjærheim Tørstad
Illustrasjon: hentet fra Pixabay

Åpenbart et skudd for baugen for klimakampen. Iallfall ville det vært det om det var sant. Hva er det som får tilsynelatende oppegående og rasjonelle mennesker til å tro de mest utrolige ting?

Ifølge Douglas, Sutton og Cichoka (2017), er det tre hovedgrunner til at vi tror på forklaringer som er hinsides enhver fornuft: de epistemiske, eksistensielle og sosiale. Epistemologi er ifølge Store Norske Leksikon (2019) læren om vår kunnskaps opprinnelse, mulighet, omfang og gyldighet. Vi liker å finne forklaringer på fenomener vi ikke forstår. Når vi har nok informasjon og kunnskap til å treffe de riktige slutningene, er jo det strålende. Uheldigvis har vi en tendens til å treffe slutninger selv når vi ikke har nødvendig faktagrunnlag, eller innsikt til å lande på riktig konklusjon. For eksempel uttalte nylig Pete Hegseth, ansatt i tv-kanalen Fox, at han ikke hadde vasket hendene på ti år, sitat: «Germs are not a real thing. I can’t see them, therefore they’re not real.» Vi tror og håper at Pete av og til tar turen innom dusjen, men vi er forberedt på å bli skuffet.

De eksistensielle motivene går ut på at vi ønsker kontroll over livene våre. Er det aspekter ved dagliglivene våre vi ikke har kontroll over, har vi lettere for å gripe til konspirasjonsteorier for å få tilbake noe av kontrollen vi har mistet. Riktignok har jeg ikke styring på min personlige økonomi, men jeg vet i det minste at månen ikke eksisterer, og det gir meg en følelse av trygghet. 

De fleste av oss ønsker også å være del av en gruppe. The Flat Earth International Conference inviterer for eksempel til fellescruise i 2020, noe vi alle unektelig ønsker vi kunne vært med på. Folk med lav status – yrkesmessig, sosialt, økonomisk – har også en tendens til å slutte seg til lite rasjonelle løsninger for å forklare hvorfor det har gått som det har gått. Det er vanskelig å akseptere at lav sosioøkonomisk status, manglende disiplin eller foreldres lave utdannelse  fører til at man ikke lykkes i livet – da kan det være lettere å akseptere at det er grusomme øglemenn som styrer verden, og som har fratatt meg drømmene mine.

Til slutt er det åpenbart også folk som slutter seg til konspirasjonsteorier de vet ikke stemmer, fordi det er veldig artig. Vi drister oss til å mistenke at for eksempel «Birds aren’t real»-bevegelsen ikke utelukkende består av folk som er overbevist om at fugler i virkeligheten er overvåkningsdroner sendt ut av myndighetene. Det er for øvrig få gleder som er større enn å se ansiktsuttrykket til folk når du forklarer dem at de som tror jorda er flat er idioter; jorda er faktisk hul og innsiden er bebodd av kjemper, romvesener og tyskere. Vi må regne med at de en dag vil storme ut av innsiden for å erobre utsiden – er ikke det noe å tenke på når man prøver å sove om kvelden?

Vi kan spørre oss om det har så mye å si at enkelte omfavner ideer som befinner seg rimelig langt unna virkeligheten. Er det ikke revnende likegyldig om jeg tror at CERN, den europeiske organisasjonen for kjernefysisk forskning, har åpnet en portal til helvete, hvis det gir meg en opplevelse av glede og mestring i hverdagen?

Dessverre viser det seg at folk som tror på konspirasjonsteorier, har en generell tendens til å tro på forklaringer som mangler faktagrunnlag (Bensley et al, 2019). Hvis jeg er overbevist om at månen ikke eksisterer, er det mer sannsynlig at jeg også er mottagelig for tanken om at Obama ikke ble født i USA, at vaksiner forårsaker autisme, og at global oppvarming er en kinesisk avledningsmanøver.

Selv om man ikke tror på de mest absurde konspirasjonsteoriene, er det imidlertid også viktig å ikke anse seg selv hevet over feilforestillinger. Vi har antagelig alle oppfatninger om verden som overhodet ikke stemmer, og noe av det mest bekymringsfulle er at vi ikke vet hvilke tanker det er snakk om. Bensley og Lilienfeld (2015) fant for eksempel at 96 % av et utvalg psykologistudenter trodde at det å øke selvtillit ville øke akademisk prestasjon, og at 90 % trodde at å tilpasse foreleseres undervisning til studentenes læringsstil ville forbedre læring, selv om ingen av disse fenomenene har blitt konsekvent støttet av kontrollerte studier. 

 Jeg tør her å minne om Dunning-Kruger-effekten: Er du inkompetent, har du ikke forutsetningene for å vite at du er inkompetent (Kruger & Dunning, 1999). Med andre ord er det grunn til å forsøke å fundere ens forestillinger om verden på forklaringer som er noenlunde vitenskapelige.

Og det skader neppe å vaske hendene.

Amund Kjærheim Tørstad går 4. semester på profesjonsstudiet i psykologi

Kilder:
Bensley, D. A. & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2015). What is a psychological misconception? Moving towards an empirical answer. Teaching of Psychology, 42, 282–292.

Bensley, D. A., Lilienfeld, S. O., Rowan, K. A., Masciocchi, C. M., & Grain, F. (2019). The generality of belief in unsubstantiated claims. Applied Cognitive Psychology.

Douglas, Karen M., Sutton, Robbie M., Cichocka, Alexandra. (2017). The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2017, Vol. 26(6) 538–542

Stigen, Anfinn & Tranøy, Knut Erik. (2019, 15. januar). Erkjennelsesteori. I Store norske leksikon. Hentet 8. mars 2020 fra https://snl.no/erkjennelsesteori

Kruger J, Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999;77(6):1121–1134. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.6.1121


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